Science had a late start collecting quality data on menstruation. The result is a persistent “knowledge gap” between what doctors know about female bodies and the comparatively greater amount they know about male bodies.

Companies say they’re committed to retaining women. Now Covid-19 is torpedoing female employment, what steps should firms take to help?

One in three workers said they’d voluntarily left a job because it was incompatible with their responsibilities at home. More men (38%) than women (27%) reported quitting a job for this reason, and the higher level an employee was, the more likely he or she was to have quit for caregiving conflicts.

The word may be relatively new, but the concept of a mansplainer—a person determined to demonstrate his or her expertise on a topic, regardless of the listener’s knowledge or interest in said lecture—has been around for centuries.

Wikipedia relies in part on the judgment of other gatekeepers to determine whether a person is noteworthy. That’s a problem, because on the whole news outlets and journalists—even well-intentioned ones—have a dismal track record at equitably representing women in their coverage.

Goeppert-Mayer and her husband Joseph Mayer, a physical chemist, emigrated to the US in the 1930s, where Mayer found a professorship at Johns Hopkins University. The university refused to hire a woman during the Depression—as family breadwinners, it was thought, men needed jobs more—and so Goeppert-Mayer worked unpaid from an unused office on campus, producing 10 papers and one textbook without collecting a paycheck. She did the same thing when Mayer moved to Columbia University.

Some might argue that the law schools’ guidelines simply codify what have been long unspoken rules about how both men and women should appear in a professional setting. However, the ways in which these standards are applied are problematic, particularly when considering the double standard the guidelines seem to reinforce. For example, men who wear the top buttons undone on their shirts lose two points, but women who arrive in a similar state lose up to three points “if bra shows.” And the oddly detailed prohibition on “kinky boots” for women—which the guide describes as those featuring “stiletto heels, buckles, straps etc.”—seems to say more about the preferences of the individual who wrote the guidelines than what’s professional.

Condé Nast is hardly alone among UK media companies, 91% of which pay men more than women on average. But the disparity at Condé Nast Britain is striking given just how many women the company employs at every level—584 women, versus 203 men, to be exact. Female employees are a majority in every pay quartile at the company.

In a recent paper in the journal PNAS written on behalf of a working group of mothers in science, Calisi outlined steps to make conferences more accessible to working moms. Contracting with one of the many companies that offer on-site childcare during such events, as many major academic and professional conferences already do, is an excellent start. Extending conference scholarships or subsidies to cover childcare costs as a travel expense is another. In an email to Quartz At Work, Calisi praised the American Association for the Advancement of Science, which offers childcare plus ample space at its annual meeting for nursing, pumping, and storing breastmilk.