The story of Evanston Township High School’s dress code is an increasingly common one. As dress code controversies sweep the education system, parents and students are fighting back against policies that they see as sexist, racist, or both. And more and more schools are listening to these protests, adopting guidelines that reflect a new understanding of what constitutes “appropriate” student dress.
Born Sarah Breedlove in Louisiana in 1867 to a formerly enslaved couple, Walker was truly self-made. After working as a laundress, she landed a job as a sales agent for the black entrepreneur Annie Turnbo Malone, who sold hair care products and cosmetics. Walker went on to launch her own business, selling hair care and skin care products to black women. Her business expanded across the country, and Walker trained and employed thousands of black women.
Descended from a long line of priestesses, likely based on the actual rain queens of South Africa, Storm is unambiguously black, albeit with white hair and blue eyes that signal her superpowers. Her mother was a Kenyan princess, and her father was an African-American photojournalist. Born Ororo Munroe, Storm was initially portrayed in the comics as a dark-skinned black woman, but the actresses who’ve depicted her on the silver screen have looked more racially ambiguous.
The large number of black girls told they’re dressed inappropriately compared to other students likely stems from interlinked gender- and race-based stereotypes. In addition to having their clothes scrutinized, black girls have received dress-code citations for wearing their hair in natural styles like braids or afros. Native American students with long hair or mohawks have also been penalized by schools for embracing traditional styles. And LGBTQ students are disproportionately cited for dress-code violations for not conforming to gender standards.
Lisa Bloom, the attorney who represented four of five Marciano’s accusers, said in a statement that she’s pleased by Marciano’s resignation. But the lawyer, who’s represented other models with harassment claims, added that Guess needs to take decisive action to truly make amends. “We are disappointed that Mr. Marciano will remain on the board through 2019,” Bloom said. “We do not believe a man with so many credible accusations of sexual assault is fit to lead any company, much less one that sells primarily to women.”
“The question is whether an employer can refuse to hire a qualified black woman with well-kept natural [dreadlocks], because of the stereotypical belief that [dreadlocks] ‘tend to get messy,’ when [dreadlocks] are physiologically, culturally, and historically associated with African Americans,” plaintiff Chastisty Jones said.
As a child, Keckley learned dressmaking from her mother, and she excelled in this work by her teens. Later, a marriage proposal from James Keckley prompted the dressmaker to use her craft, and loans from patrons, to raise enough money to buy freedom for herself and her son, as she did not want to wed while enslaved. In 1855, Keckley purchased her freedom from Garland for a hefty $1,200, equivalent to nearly $33,000 today.
Although photography remains slightly male-dominated — the National Endowment for the Arts estimates that 55.2 percent of photographers are men — women are peppered throughout its history. English botanist Anna Atkins (1799-1871) is not only credited as the first woman to take a picture, but also the first person to publish a book with photographs. And female aristocrats, including Queen Victoria, are reportedly to thank for photography’s emergence from a science to an art. During the turn of the century, Kodak even launched its Kodak Girl campaign in recognition of women’s interest in photography.