Even where articles exist, the contributions of women are reduced to bit-parts in articles on their husbands or male contemporaries. Marie Curie’s Wikipedia article reportedly started out shared with her husband (eventually, it seems, someone figured out her scientific contributions might just warrant an article of her own).
Shaped by imperialism and religious social reform, members of the Women's National Anti-Suffrage League rested their argument against suffrage upon the idea that women and men had naturally different roles to play in society. As the Countess of Jersey argued: “The opponents of woman suffrage did not think that women were more stupid than men, but they knew that their hands were overfull already”. Over the next few years, as suffragettes embarked on their campaign of “deeds not words”, tens of thousands of women joined the anti-suffrage movement, with half a million signing petitions against votes for women.
Every type of language presents different problems for their speakers. But one of the biggest challenges faces those who don’t identify as male or female but speak a gendered language. In lots of European languages, it is hard to even introduce yourself without stating whether you are male or female. In German, you are not a teacher – you’re a Lehrer or a Lehrerin. In Spanish, you are not a doctor – you’re a médico or a médica.
Individually, these books are on a harmless mission to engage even the most politically apathetic woman with concepts of feminism. Yet collectively, a patronising scene emerges. Though most authors have ensured their books contain a diverse selection of women in terms of race, age, class and historical period, seeing the same faces over and over again can become dispiriting. These figures are often sterilised, or even literally sanctified.
The social media data analytics company Lissted carried out a detailed analysis to try to find out why British female political journalists are less influential on Twitter than men. It has discovered that there were 4.9 times as many likes and retweets for male political journalists than female ones across Twitter as a whole during the election campaign, and 4.3 times as many retweets from “influencers”: people and organisations who are widely followed in the Twittersphere.
Macron announced €420m for 2018 to be spent towards equality and said that “funds dedicated to fighting violence against women have already been increased by 13 per cent”. But it’s a bit more complex than that. Taking a closer look at the planned budget, De Haas realised that the €420m figure was not simply allocated to fighting violence against women. In fact, only 15 per cent of this figure – around €65m – will really go towards preventing domestic abuse, she said.