Every year, thousands of Magellanic penguins get stranded along the coast of South America – but puzzlingly, about 75% of those that get stuck are female. Now scientists say they have worked out what is behind the gender imbalance.

The life expectancy of women in the most deprived areas of England is falling, new research has revealed. Previous research has shown those in more affluent areas have a greater life expectancy than those in poorer ones, but researchers have found the gap is widening, with experts saying lives are being lost to preventable and treatable diseases as a result of rising poverty.

Researchers have found a large variation in the shape of the birth canal between women from different parts of the world – a finding they say has implications both for our understanding of how the pelvis has evolved and our ideas about how babies should move as they leave the womb.

It is thought at least 10% of new mothers experience postnatal depression, and figures could be higher as surveys have shown many women do not seek help or are not asked about their mental health after having a baby. But recent studies have suggested that new fathers might experience depression at similar rates, and that such depression might affect various developmental outcomes for children as is thought to be the case for new mothers with postnatal depression.

Late-night research, isolation and a strict, male-dominated hierarchy are the perfect conditions for sexual harassment. With colleges struggling to enforce conduct codes, what can be done?

In 2013 Nasa announced that half of its new class of eight astronauts were women – a first for the agency. The gender split among astronauts means the first step taken on the Moon since the 1970s might well be by a woman. “About a third of our active astronauts are women, so chances are at least a third,” said Ochoa, a former astronaut.

“Even as young as five years of age, those boys are rated as sounding less prototypically boy-like than the boys without the diagnosis, and they are rated as sounding more girl-like” said Prof Ben Munson from the University of Minnesota, who is presenting the work at the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Austin, Texas.